The difference between two pressures is determined directly and shown on the differential pressure gauge. Here again all of the measuring elements known from overpressure gauges and the measuring principles can be applied.Differential pressure gauges can greatly reduce operator error, improve process efficiency, protect expensive equipment, reduce training, and reduce maintenance time.
How differential pressure gauges work
Unlike standard pressure gauges, which measure pressure at a single point in a system, DP gauges measure the pressure at two points and display the pressure difference between those two points on a single dial. The pressure measured could be 115 PSI before a filter and 100 PSI after the filter, allowing the DP gauge to read the difference, which is 15 PSI, referred to as 15 PSI differential. That represents a 15 PSI pressure drop caused by the filter.
Filtration
The most popular application for differential pressure gauges is filtration. A filter removes unwanted particles or contaminants from a gas or liquid system. When a filter becomes clogged, efficiency and pressure drops. Here are four relatively risky methods to identify this condition:
1. Scheduled maintenance: It is not uncommon to see regularly scheduled maintenance programs used to inspect process components and conditions. For a filter this would require a maintenance crew or operator to crack open the filter housing and view the condition of the filter. This requires the system to be down, and often bled to remove the liquid or gas. This invasive inspection system often requires valuable time and manpower.
In addition, many filter housings have a dozen or more bolts to unscrew to view the filter element inside. The maintenance crew often finds a relatively clean filter. Alternatively, the crew may find the filter long overdue for maintenance, the process having been starved of required fluids. Even worse, the filter may have been compromised with "filter blow-by," a condition where the filter element is torn, creating a hole where contaminants have been allowed to pass through unfiltered, which can cause extensive damage.
2. Monitoring filtration with a single pressure gauge: What if the filter user would like to monitor the filter health in a more proactive manner? Why not simply install a single standard pressure gauge? One pressure gauge could inform the operator when pressure conditions change and when it is time to take action, such as filter backwash or filter element replacement, right? The problem is most processes don’t have a steady working pressure. Due to many factors, such as pump or compressor on-off cycles or valve open-closed cycles, most processes have fairly wide pressure fluctuations. In many systems this pressure fluctuation is to be expected and normal, within limits.
3. Monitoring filtration with two pressure gauges: Mounting two similar standard pressure gauges on a filter, one on the filter inlet and one on the outlet, is a common method of determining filter condition. As the filter becomes clogged, the inlet pressure gauge begins to read higher than the outlet pressure. By the time the filter is ready to be backwashed, the difference between the two pressure gauge readings may be 15 PSI or more depending on the filter type. In order to obtain this reading the user needs to subtract the lower reading from the higher reading.
Unfortunately, this presents two significant problems for the equipment operator. First, accuracy errors in this method are compounded. Instead of having the rated accuracy of the one pressure gauge, of say 2 percent, the error would be doubled to 4 percent.
Second, and this is possibly the bigger issue, many operators have not been trained as to why there are two pressure gauges on the filter. History shows that many operators when asked why there are two pressure gauges simply cannot answer the question. Very often the operators have no idea that they are supposed to subtract one pressure gauge reading from the other. Even if they do, they may not truly understand the importance of that calculation.
4. No filter monitoring: Possibly the most popular action for monitoring the "health" of a filter is to do nothing. Very often, although systems operators would like to know when the filter is working, they simply wait for something bad to happen. On many filters, no instrument to measure flow or pressure is installed. The operator waits for the process problem to present itself, often after things have progressed to the point of no return and damage has occurred. In these cases components in the process may have to be repaired or replaced.
The solution — No math, no mistakes & easy to understand
One differential pressure gauge, installed using the same taps at the filter inlet and outlet, can eliminate the problems noted above. By eliminating the use of two gauges, the rate of error will drop to the accuracy rating for the DP gauge. The operator would also better understand the reading, without having to know to "do the math."
A differential-pressure gauge dial can also feature a red arc indicating that the filter is clogged, or is about to become clogged — also known as the "alarm condition." This alarm condition would be enhanced further if the DP gauge dial had the words "filter" or "clean" and "dirty" on the single DP gauge dial face. None of this is possible with two separate pressure gauges.
In this world of lean solutions, the term "Poka-Yoke" comes to mind, which roughly means "mistake-proof." Essentially, a DP gauge can present the operator with a reading that is immediately understood. This not only reduces errors, but also simplifies operator training.
Once a DP gauge shows a reading "in the red," points to "dirty," or has an electrical output from the switch or transmitter, the alarm condition is understood. The operator can then take the appropriate action needed to remedy the situation. The filter can be serviced at the proper time, not too early and not too late.
More applications for differential pressure gauges
Like filters, other elements in a process system may degrade over time and may need to be monitored. Heat exchangers, pumps, valves, condensers and evaporators all create pressure drop when they become worn or clogged. Like filters, the problems they cause can be severe.
Monitoring pressure drop — wherever it occurs — can offer incremental opportunities for improving process conditions and savings. Pumps and compressors move liquid or air within each process at a high cost, sometimes being driven harder than required. Reducing pressure lost within each process component may reduce the need for larger, more expensive pumps and compressors, and generally create more efficient flow and a better end product.
Differential pressure in heat exchangers
The number of heat exchangers sold in industrial markets is tremendous. These heat exchangers can cost as much as $20,000, or more. Like filters, heat exchangers often protect equipment that costs many times that amount. Over time heat exchangers develop rust or become clogged, indicating a time to flush or backwash.
This is a condition that, like filters, can create many problems for the process or the equipment. It is often very surprising to find that there is nothing installed to monitor the heat exchanger. Heat exchanger manufacturers frequently recall attempts to help customers by quoting an expensive heat exchanger with an inexpensive $100 differential-pressure gauge to monitor the pressure drop across the heat exchanger. Unfortunately, the customer often buys the expensive heat exchanger but drops line item #2, the DP gauge, from the order. They often don’t buy the $100 solution that could save them many thousands of dollars down the road!
Differential pressure in flow
Flow is another common application for differential pressure gauges. There are countless types of flowmeters in use today. The number one method for measuring flow is differential pressure flow monitoring. DP flowmeters are especially attractive options for larger pipes. The cost of many flowmeters goes up exponentially as the pipe size grows, because the scale of the flow element must increase to handle such large flows.
The popular solution is to cut the pipe, install an orifice plate and measure the pressure drop across the orifice plate. A DP flowmeter is designed to handle the square-root relationship between the flow and the differential pressure created, using Bernoulli’s Law. This represents a high accuracy solution at a lost cost.
Like orifice plates, venturis and nozzles also create slight pressure drops that use differential pressure and square root flow to measure flow rates.
Differential pressure in liquid level
Differential pressure gauges also measure liquid level. Again, like flowmeters, there are many types of level gauges. A simple, relatively inexpensive solution is to use a differential-pressure gauge to indicate the level of a liquid within a tank. In open tanks, the high pressure side of a DP gauge is ported to the bottom of a tank, while the low pressure side is mated to atmosphere. In this scenario the DP gauge is measuring a column of liquid within the tank, resulting in a reading that reflects the height of the liquid within the tank, often displaying inches or feet of water readings, or percent-full readings.
For pressurized tanks, such as cryogenic tanks, again the DP high pressure side is ported to the bottom of the tank, but the low pressure side is ported to the top of the tank. The result is a measurement of the column of liquid in the tank (the liquid height), often giving a read-out in inches of water or percent-full.
The benefit of differential pressure measurement
What’s common amongst these applications is the simplicity. In all instances there is only the need to tap into a pipe or tank. For flow, there is no need for a large, heavy, expensive flowmeter; or in the case a liquid level, a long float-type rod or mechanism. Differential pressure gauges can be much less invasive and therefore less costly. Because of the simplicity, maintenance on differential-based systems is often relatively fast and easy.
While there are alternatives to differential pressure gauges, they can be costly when risks and operational expenses are considered. Monitoring differential pressure reduces confusion, errors, and inaccuracies and presents conditions on a single, easy-to-read dial. In addition, switches or transmitters can be added to allow for local and remote monitoring in one unit.
